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Nyaya AnumĀNa: AnumĀNa or Inference, Classification of AnumĀNa or Inference

Anumāna or Inference

• Anumāna or inference is the second means of knowledge or pramāna accepted by the school.
• It is also called inferential or relational knowledge.
• It is called so because the word Anumāna etymologically means Anu means after and mana means knowledge.
• As a result, it is defined as the knowledge where the cognition presupposes some other cognition.
• It mediate and indirect in nature.
• Anumāna arises through a mark, the middle term or the Hetu or the linga is invari…

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Nyaya Epistemology: Upamana, Sabda, Arthapatti and Abhava, Comparison or Upamana, Sabda or Verbal Testimony, Arthapatti or Postulation & Abhava or Non-Apprehension

Comparison or Upamana

• The third kind or means of knowledge accepted by Nyaya is called comparison or Upamana.
• It is knowledge which is derived from comparison.
• It is also known as knowledge via analogy.
• It is defined as the knowledge between the reaction of word and its meaning or denotation.
• It is produced by resemblance or similarity.
• For example, a man who is told by his friend that a gavaya or a wild cow is an animal which has four legs and a tail. Basically, it looks like a …

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