The Idea of Relation: Complex Ideas, Causality and Identity, Causality Derived from Voluntary Action, No Necessary Connection in Object

There are two kinds of Ideas, according to Locke, namely, simple and complex ideas.

Complex Ideas

• Locke lived in an age of composition theory according to which a complex whole is only a sum of simple parts
• This ignored the fact that the whole may have a characteristic by virtue of its being a whole.
• Again, a part changed by the whole of which it becomes a part.
• Nonetheless, Locke believed that he could explain knowledge by reducing it to simple ideas.
• There are three types of Complex ideas;
  • Ideas of Modes
  • …

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The Concept of Knowledge: Hume՚s Scepticism

• Hume has given some points which helps him not only in the rejection of others՚ false assumptions but also in building of his own philosophy and philosophical theories.
• Propositions of mathematics differ in kind from propositions concerning the matters of fact.
  • Naturally the factual propositions cannot be confused with mathematical propositions.
  • In other words, mathematical certainty with regard to factual propositions cannot be obtained or demonstrated.
• No amount of observation or experiment can guaran…

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The Concept of Foundationalism: Understanding Foundationalism, Rejection of A Foundationalist Approach, Otto Neurath՚s Boat Metaphor, Scepticism Towards Foundationalism

The Concept of Foundationalism

Understanding Foundationalism

• Ontological- dualism, monism, pluralism, neutral monism, etc.
• Episteme (rationalism, empiricism, transcendentalism, dialecticism, etc.) - Reason, sensibility, rationality, rationalism, concepts, or principles, which are the basic grounds or foundations of inquiry and knowledge. Hence, generally, a foundationalist might offer the following theory of justification: A belief is epistemic ally justified if and only if
  • It is justified by a basic be…

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